MASSAGE DICTIONARY I-Z
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Ideal Body Weight (IBW)-An ideal weight based on height and weight charts.
IlioTibial Band-A wide band of thick fibrous tissue that runs along the outside of the thigh from the hip to the knee.
IlioTibial Band Syndrome-A condition characterized by irritation and tenderness on the outside of the knee where the band crosses the knee. Local swelling and/or snapping of the band may occur with bending and straightening of the knee. Overuse, excessive running, and poor running mechanics are the primary causes of this condition.
Immunosuppressive Therapy-Use of a substance or procedure that lessens or prevents an immune response
Impacted fracture-One end of broken bone is pushed into the other end of the broken bone.
Impingement Syndrome-Conditions that involve pathological pressure on nerves and vessels.
Impingement Syndrome-A condition characterized by a painful shoulder with motion, particularly overhead activities. Usually caused by a combination of several conditions occurring at the same time. (e.g. bursitis and tendinitis of the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendinitis) May occur secondary to trauma or overuse.
Indication-A therapeutic application that promotes health or assists in the healing process. When there is justification to work an existing condition with a positive outcome.
Indigestion-Abnormal digestion, which usually includes one or more of these symptoms: pain, nausea and vomiting, heartburn, acid regurgitation, and gas or belching.
Inferior-Indicates the undersurface of a structure or a structure lower in relation to another structure. (e.g. - away from the head) For example, the mouth is inferior to the eyes. The opposite is superior.
Inflammation-Tissue reaction to an injury characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and pain often seen at the site of infection or trauma.
Inflammatory Response-A normal mechanism, characterized by pain, heat, redness, and swelling, that usually speeds recovery from an infection or injury.
Influenza (flu)-A viral illness with the following symptoms: fever, inflammation of the nose, larynx and bronchi, cough, fatigue, muscular pain, gastrointestinal disorders and nervous disturbances (headaches, dizziness). Influenza primarily affects the respiratory tract, however it can involve other body systems.
Informed Consent-Explains what therapist is going to do, tells what the client can expect, client knows he/she can say no at any time, ask permission.
Inguinal Hernia-A hernia is a bulge or protrusion of soft tissue that forces its way through or between muscles (most common in the abdominal wall). Inguinal hernias occur in the groin area.
Injury-Trauma or damage inflicted to a body part by an external force.
Insertion-The muscle attachment point that is closest to the moving joint.
Insulin-Hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose (blood sugar) and helps to maintain
normal levels of blood sugar.
Insulin Sensitivity-An allergic reaction to insulin rarely manifests urticaria, angioedema, or anaphylaxis.
Integumentary System-Forms the external body covering protecting deeper tissue from injury.
Intensity-How much exertion, or how hard the exercise is performed.
Inter-event-A type of event massage given in the shore periods between evens in an extended competition that aims at recover from one performance and preparation for optimal performance in the next event.
Interferon-A family of glycoproteins derived from human cells, which normally has a role in fighting viral infections by preventing virus multiplication in cells. Is currently being used to treat some forms of hepatitis.
Internal Rotation-Turning around the axis of a joint toward the midline of the body. Opposite of external or lateral
rotation, but synonymous with medial rotation. (e.g. turning the shoulder inward internally rotates the shoulder, or
turning the toes inward internally rotates the lower leg)
Intervals-Alternating short, fairly intense spurts of exercise with periods of relatively easy exercise. Vary distance and speed; allow sufficient recovery time between training days. Perform sets with specific numbers of repetitions.
Intervention Model-Seven step system to address a client-situation that has become inappropriate.
1) Stop massage
2) Describe behavior of concern
3) Ask client to clarify behavior
4) Re-state intent and professional boundaries
5) Evaluate response
6) Continue or discontinue session
7) Document situation
Intervertebral Disc-See vertebral disc.
Intra-abdominal-Within the abdominal cavity.
Intra-thoracic-Within the thoracic (chest) cavity.
Intrinsic-Situated on the inside, or pertaining exclusively to a certain body part; due to causes or elements internal to the body, organ, or part. Intrinsic is synonymous with internal. Opposite is extrinsic.
Intuition-Knowing something by using subconscious information.
Inversion-A turning inward, inside out, upside down, or other reversal of the normal relation of a part. Opposite of
inversion is eversion. (e.g. ankle inversion is a turning of the foot so that the sole of the foot faces inward) Inversion sprain is the most common type of ankle injury. In the case of breast cancer, inversion of a nipple (turning inward rather than pointing out) would indicate further evaluation.
Ischemia-Insufficient blood flow to tissue that results in a decreased oxygen supply (hypoxia), increased carbon dioxide and an insufficient supply of nutrients. Can cause pain, stiffness, and soreness in the affected area.
Ischemic Heart Disease-A condition in which the heart muscle becomes damaged due to inadequate oxygen delivery. It is the leading cause of death in the US, and is primarily caused by arteriosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries) and atherosclerosis (plaque build-up in the arteries).
Isolation-Exercises involving motion at one joint, targeting one specific muscle. In a properly performed biceps curl, the joint motion occurs only at the elbow and targets only the biceps muscle.
Isometric-A type of muscle contraction where the joint does not move and the muscle fiber neither lengthens nor
shortens, but still produces a force. (e.g. pushing against a wall isometrically contracts the muscles of the arm)
Isometric Contraction-A contraction, in which a counter pressure exactly matches the effort of the muscle, or group of muscles, so that no movement occurs…only effort.
Isoniazid (INH)-An antibacterial, used principally in treating tuberculosis.
Isotonic-A type of muscle contraction where the resistance remains constant throughout the exercise. (e.g. both raising and lowering a weight create an isotonic contraction)
Isotonic Contraction-A contraction in which the effort of the target muscle or group of muscles is partly matched by
counter pressure, allowing a degree of resisted movement."itis"-Inflammation of…
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Joint End Feel-The sensation felt when a normal joint is taken to its physiological limit.
Joint Inflammation-Localized redness, swelling, and pain in a joint (the hinge-like structure between neighboring
bones) that occurs as a result of overuse, injury, or infection.
Joint Instability-A condition in which a joint is unstable or loose. The individual may experience "giving way" of thejoint.
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors-Receptors in the capsules of joints that respond to pressure and to acceleration and
deceleration of joint movement.
Joint Movement-The movement of the joint through its normal range of motion.
Jojoba-Oil like substance made from jojoba seeds used in massage therapy because it is hypoallergenic and healthy for skin also it easily washes out of sheets and towels.
Jostling-A massage technique in which the soft tissues are shaken back and forth with short, quick, loose movements; may be accompanied by mobilization of surrounding joints; used to loosed up an area.
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Karvonen Formula-The calculation of determining training heart rate by adding a given percentage of the maximal heart rate reserve to the resting heart rate.
Ketones-Compounds produced in the body from the breakdown of fat. This occurs when there isn’t sufficient
carbohydrate stores for energy. Ketones can cause weakness, nausea, dehydration, and extra stress on kidneys.
Kidney failure-The inability of the kidneys to adequately remove wastes from the bloodstream, which can result in
severe metabolic imbalances.
Kinesiolog-The study of mechanical principles and anatomy relating to human movement.
Kinesthetic Awareness-The ability to sense the extent, direction, or weight of movement. An individual’s ability to feel where his/her body is in relation to space.
Klinefelter's Syndrome-An inherited abnormality of the sex chromosomes occurring in males.
Kyphosis-An exaggerated convex curvature in the thoracic region of the spine, causing a hunching of the back.
Sometimes called a humpback.
Kyphotic curve-Outward curve of the spine.
Kneading-A massage movement, in which the hands alternately and rhythmically lift squeeze, and release the soft tissues; used for muscular relaxation and increasing circulation in the tissues.
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Laceration-A wound made by tearing. Usually a jagged or irregular cut to the soft tissue.
Lactose-A carbohydrate composed of the 2 sugars, glucose and galactose, commonly known as milk sugar.
Lactose intolerant-Unable to tolerate lactose found in dairy products; symptoms include nausea, bloating, gas and loose stools.
Lateral-Pertains to the outside. Means away from the midline of the body, or toward the sides of the body. (e.g. the hips are lateral to the navel, or lateral flexion of the trunk is synonymous with side bending) Opposite of lateral is medial.
Lateral Flexion-Flexion toward the side of the body. (e.g. bending the neck to the side so that the ear meets the
shoulder is lateral flexion)
Lateral Rotation-Turning the axis of a joint away from the midline of the body. Opposite of internal or medial rotation, but synonymous with external rotation. (e.g. turning the shoulder outward laterally rotates the shoulder, or turning the toes outward laterally rotates the lower leg)
Laxative-A food or chemical substance that acts to loosen the bowels and prevent/relieve constipation.
Laxity (joint)-Looseness in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding a joint resulting in an inability to maintain the integrity of the joint.
Lengthening-The process in which the muscle assumes a normal resting length by means of the neuromuscular
mechanism.
Lesion-A wound or injury creating a pathogenic change in tissues.
Leucine-An essential amino acid; a branched chain amino acid.
Leukemia-A fatal disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by a marked increase in the number of white blood cells, together with enlargement and proliferation of the lymphoid tissue of the spleen, lymphatic glands, and bone marrow.
Leukoplakia-A disease characterized by the development of white, thickened patches that sometimes fissure (crack). It develops in the cheeks, gums or tongue and is common in smokers and users of tobacco products.
Ligament-A strong band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone and supports and strengthens joints.
Ligaments are flexible but inelastic.
Liniment-Topical liquid or semi-liquid used for therapeutic purposes.
Lipoproteins-Lipid means fat. Proteins are the transport system for fats that allows them to travel throughout the body. A lipoprotein is therefore, a fat particle produced in the liver that travels in the body.
Liver cancer – (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) A tumor of the liver. Risk factors include chronic active hepatitis B and cirrhosis of the liver.
Locking-Term used for straightening an arm or leg, to the point where the joint is locked in place, such as the elbow and knee joints. This typically involves hyperextension of the joint placing undue stress on the joint.
Long Term Goals-Objectives met within a year to a lifetime. (e.g. maintaining muscular strength and endurance by regular aerobic exercise and strength training)
Lordosis-An exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar region of the spine. Sometimes called a swayback.
Lordotic Curve-Inward curve of the spine.
Lotions-Semi-liquid substance containing agents for moisturizing the skin or for therapeutic proposes.
Lou Gehrig’s Disease -Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)-Known as bad cholesterol; responsible for depositing cholesterol in the artery walls, which increases one’s risk for heart disease.
Low Impact Activities-Water aerobics, walking.
Lubricant-A substance that reduces friction; in massage therapy a lubricant is used to enable the therapist to glide across the skin without pulling and causing discomfort to the client.
Lumbar Spine-The area of the spinal column located directly below the last vertebra of the thoracic spine to the sacrum (tail bone), labeled L1-L5. Often referred to as the "low back," it provides mobility for the back, support for the upper portion of the body, and transmits weight to the pelvis and lower extremities.
Lumbar Vertebral Disc-Cartilage situated between each of the vertebrae in the low back or lumbar spine to reduce friction and provide shock absorption for the spine.
Lumbodorsal Fascia-A deep membrane or fibrous band of connective tissue that covers, supports, or separates muscles of the trunk and back. It also binds skin with underlying tissues. Synonymous with thoracolumbar fascia.
Lung Cancer-A cancerous growth in lung tissue, lung cancer may be metastatic from another source (e.g. the colon) or may be primary (originating in the lung).
Lymph Glands-Part of the immune system.
Lymph Nodes-Molecules found throughout the body that act as filters, especially to keep bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
Lymphatic system-Open system of vessels distribution intra-cellular fluids.
Lymphoma-A general term applied to any neoplastic (abnormal growth of cells, such as cancer) disorder of the
lymphoid tissue. Lymphoma can be a malignant, or life-threatening tumor of the lymph glands.
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Maintenance-An all-purpose application of sports massage that is scheduled between competitions. It aims at
recovery, normalizing stressed tissues, and treating minor injuries and complaints.
Malignant-A term applied to a cancerous growth to indicate that it is likely to penetrate the tissues in which it originated to spread further (metastasize). The opposite of benign.
Malignant Melanoma (MM)-The most serious of the 3 types of skin cancer, often metastasizing, or spreading,
throughout the body. Changes in the underlying skin cells that produce skin-coloring pigment (melanin) cause a
malignant tumor to develop. This cancerous lump can develop from a mole.
Malunion-Faulty or poor union of the two fractured ends of a bone.
Mammogram-A special kind of breast x-ray that can detect malignant tumors and other breast abnormalities.
Manipulation-Skillful use of the hands in a therapeutic manner. Massage manipulations focus on the soft tissues of the body and are not to be confused with joint manipulation using a high
Massage-The manipulation of the soft tissues of the body.
Massage Chair-A specifically designed chair that allows the client to sit comfortably during the massage.
Massage Routine -The step-by-step protocol and sequence used to give a massage.
Massage Specialist-A person with special skills in massage and related techniques, gained through education and experience.
Massage Table-A specifically designed table that allows massage to be done with the client lying down.
Matrix-The intercellular substance of a tissue.
Maximal Heart Rate-The maximal number of times the heart can beat.
Maximal Heart Rate Reserve-The result of subtracting the resting heart rate from the maximal heart rate; represents the working heart rate range between rest and maximal heart rate within which all activity occurs.
Mechanical Methods-Techniques that directly affect the soft tissue by normalizing the connective tissue or moving body fluids and intestinal contents.
Medial-Pertains to the inside, or towards the midline of the body (e.g. the eyes are medial to the ears). The opposite of medial is lateral.
Medial Rotation-Turning around the axis of a joint toward the midline of the body. Opposite of external or lateral rotation, but synonymous with internal rotation. (e.g. turning the shoulder inward medially rotates the shoulder, or turning the toes inward medially rotates the lower leg)
Mega-doses-Extremely high intake of vitamins, minerals, or other supplements that may lead to health problems and toxicity. At high doses, nutrients act as drugs rather than nutrients.
Meningoencephalitis-Infection that involves both meninges and brain.
Meniscus-A crescent shaped cartilage found in certain joints that aid in the gliding motion, stability, and shock
absorption of the joint (e.g. lateral and medial meniscus of the knee). Meniscal tears are an acute injury involvinga tear of either the lateral or medial meniscus resulting in pain, joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and even locking of the joint.
Menopause-A term that refers to the event that signifies the cessation of menstruation in the human female, usually occurring between the age of 46 and 50.
Menstrual period-The cyclic (usually 4-week intervals), physiologic uterine bleeding which normally recurs in the
absence of pregnancy during the reproductive period of the female.
Metabolic Disorder-Disorders in which a mutation of a single gene or a small number of related genes causes a
metabolic disorder, such as diabetes.
Metabolite-A substance essential to the metabolism of a particular organism or to a particular metabolic process; a product of metabolism. Amino acids are metabolites of protein metabolism.
Metastasize-A term applied to a malignant growth that develops in one part of the body as a result of the spread of
abnormal cells from another part. The term also refers to the process of spreading (i.e., Cancers that spread
(metastasize) show up in other parts of the body and are called metastasis).
Metatarsal-The 5 bones of the forefoot that array with the toes. The metatarsal heads are located at the ball of the foot.
The first metatarsal arrays with the great (big) toe and the fifth arrays with the little toe and so on.
Metatarsalgia-A generic term describing pain in the ball of the foot secondary to bruising of the metatarsal joints of the foot. The symptoms typically occur at the second and third metatarsal heads. Wear well-padded shoes and avoid repetitive impact activities, especially to the ball of the foot to prevent injury or aggravating the condition.
Microscopic Anatomy-Cells and tissues that can only be observed with magnifying instruments
Migraine-Vascular Headache
Minerals-One of a group of nutrients essential for life. They help release energy from foods and play a vital role in all the processes that take place throughout the body.
MmHg-Millimeters of mercury
Mobility-The amount of joint motion that occurs before being limited by surrounding tissues.
Mode of Exercise-The particular type of exercise being done. (e.g. running, walking, cycling, swimming, water aerobics, aerobics, water polo, etc)
Moderate Pressure-Compressive pressure that extends to the muscle layer but does not press the tissue against the underlying bone.
Modifiable (Controllable) Risk Factors-Those risk factors that can be altered or changed by the individual through
behavior changes. Examples include smoking, weight loss, and exercise.
Mole-A pigmented fleshy growth that can occur anywhere on the body. They are small, roughly circular areas of skin that are much darker than the surrounding skin.
Monounsaturated Fats-Fats associated with a decreased risk of heart disease and are generally liquid at room
temperature. (e.g. olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil)
Morbid Obesity-30% over ideal body weight, which places individual at risk for life-threatening weight-related medical conditions.
Mortality-Death rate; the ratio of the number of deaths to a given population.
Morton's Neuroma-Irritation and entrapment of a part of the nerve passing between the metatarsal bones of the foot resulting in swelling and sharp, radiating pain to the toes. Symptoms usually occur between the 3rd and 4th toes. Weight bearing, repetitive high impact activities, and narrow shoes may cause the injury or aggravate the condition.
Motor Control-The ability to physically perform skillful movements involving agility, balance, and coordination.
Motor Point-The point where a motor nerve enters the muscle it innervates and causes a muscle to twitch if stimulated.
Multi-Joint-An exercise involving two or more joints, and associated muscle groups. Leg press or squat is a multi-joint exercise.
Mumps-A contagious, feverish disease caused by a virus, and marked by inflammation and swelling of the parotid (saliva-making) gland (near the ear). The infection may also affect other organs, especially in adults.
Muscle-Voluntary contractile tissue that moves the skeleton.
Muscle Power-Muscular strength x Speed
Muscle Soreness-Tenderness/soreness felt in the muscles as a result of a buildup of the end products of exercise. It usually disappears within a few minutes or several hours after exercise.
Muscle Spindle-A specialized receptor, sensitive to stretch, embedded among the muscle fibers that protect the muscle against excessive stretching through reflex muscular contraction. These receptors are important for coordinated muscular movement.
Muscle Tear-The separation of muscle tissue. A muscle tear may involve a partial tear or a complete tear. Complete tears typically require surgical intervention.
Muscular Balance-Opposing muscles groups have comparable strength, endurance, and flexibility.
Muscular System-Allows locomotion and facial expression while producing internal body heat.
Musculoskeletal-Refers to the muscles, bones, and supporting structures such as ligaments, tendons and fascia.
Musculoskeletal Injury / Condition-An injury involving both bones and the surrounding supportive structures.
Musculotendinous Junction-The point where muscle fibers end and the connective tissue continues to form the tendon; a major site of injury.
Mutate-To change in form, quality or some other characteristic. To change the genetic material (DNA) inside the cell.
Myalgia-Muscle pain.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)-The medical term for a heart attack. The most common type is caused by a thrombosis, or blockage, of one of the coronary arteries by a blood clot. This cuts off the blood supply to one region of the heart
muscle. Lack of an adequate blood supply damages the deprived tissue.
Myofibril-A very small longitudinal fiber found in skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber.
Myotatic Stretch Reflex-Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to it being stretched. The muscle will try to contract to oppose the attempt to elongate it.
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Nephropathy-Any disease of the kidneys.
Nerve Impingement-Pressure against a nerve by skin, fascia, muscles, ligaments, or joints.
Nervous System-Control system of the body, responding to internal and external stimuli.
Neural Stimulus-Endocrine organs are stimulated by nerve impulses.
Neuralgia-Nerve pain
Neuritis-Inflammation of a nerve
Neurological-Pertaining to the nervous system.
Neuromuscular-Refers to the relation between nerves and muscles.
Neuromuscular-The interaction between nervous system control of the muscles and the response of the muscles to the nerve signals.
Neuromuscular Mechanism-The interplay and reflex connection between sensory and motor neurons and muscle function.
Neuropathy-A term describing functional and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system, usually
causing abnormal sensation (such as numbness, tingling, burning, or feelings of coldness) in the hands and feet; weakness in distal area of a peripheral nerve as a result of trauma or degeneration.
Neurotransmitter-A messenger chemical in the synapse of the nerve.
Neutral position-Neither flexion nor extension.
Neutral Position (Neutral Spine/Neutral Trunk Posture)-Position the spine in such a way to avoid extreme stress on any part of the spine. Maintain natural curvature of the spine.
Nicotine-The addictive substance found in tobacco products.
Nodule-A small lump, swelling or collection of tissue.
Non-Impact Activities-Activities such as swimming.
Nonunion-Failure of fractured ends of a bone to unite
Norepinephrine-A neurochemical that functions in a manner similar to epinephrine but that is more concentrated in the brain.
NSAIDs -~ Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ~ Medications designed to reduce pain and inflammation of chronic conditions. Many available over-the-counter. Some common generic names: aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Avoid use within the first few days of an injury as they may retard the healing process.
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Obesity-A condition where surplus fat is stored by the body. A person may be considered obese if he/she exceeds the "desirable" weight for his/her height, build, and age by more than 20%.
Occlusion-A blockage; an obstruction to the flow of blood through an artery resulting from a spasm of the vessel or the presence of a clot.
Oil-A type of liquid lubricant; used as lubricants to minimize uncomfortable skin friction
Omega-3 Fatty Acids-Type of polyunsaturated fat, that may help lower the risk of heart attack or stroke. It is found in seafood, especially higher fat fish, such as albacore tuna, mackerel, sardines, lake trout, herring, and salmon.
Omega-6 Fatty Acids-A type of polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils, such as sunflower, safflower, corn &
vegetable oils.
Oncologist-A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of individuals suffering with cancer.
One Repetition Maximal (1RM)-The maximal amount of weight lifted or moved in one effort. Bench press is typically used for upper body, leg press for lower body.
Open Fracture-Compound fracture.
Opportunistic Invasion-Potentially pathogenic organisms are found on the skin and mucous membranes of nearly everyone that do not cause disease until they have the opportunity, such as in a depressed immunity.
Opposing Muscles-The muscles on the opposite side of a joint that perform the opposite movement of the muscles that are contracting. [e.g. the hamstrings (knee flexors) and the quadriceps (knee extensors)]
Oral-Pertaining to the mouth. Also refers to ingestion through the mouth.
Oral Cancer-Cancer affecting the mouth.
Orchitis-Inflammation (swelling) of a testis (testicle), usually caused by bacteria. It causes pain, swelling, and a feeling of testicle heaviness.
Organ Systems-Composed of two or more organs working together to perform a higher function.
Organism-Living thing composed of many organ systems
Organs-Composed of different tissue that works together to form a structure that performs a specific function.
Origin-The attachment point of a muscle at the fixed point during movement.
Orthotics-A material usually made of plastic or rubber, individually fitted and inserted into everyday footwear to correct foot problems such as flat feet. (e.g. arch supports)
Osteoarthritis-(Degenerative Joint Disease, DJD, OA) A chronic joint disease, particularly weight bearing joints,
distinguished by cartilage destruction and joint space narrowing. Characterized by "wear and tear" eventually resulting in pain, joint effusion, and impaired function.
Osteokinematic Movements-The movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation; also known as physiological movements.
Osteoporosis-A condition in which the progressive deterioration of bone mass occurs. The cause is due to a more
rapid destruction than build up of bone cells.
Ovarian Cancer-Cancer of the ovaries. It is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies.
Overload-To place a greater workload on the body than what it is normally accustomed; also known as stimulus.
Over-training-The attempt to do more work than can be physically tolerated. Over-training results from performing
activities at an unnecessarily high training volume, training intensity, or both.
Overuse (Injury)-Any injury that has been caused by small, repetitive overloaded forces on the structural and force
generating parts of the body. Too much activity that places excessive stress on the body or body part. (e.g. tennis elbow, shin splints, stress fractures, tendinitis)
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Pacing-Refers to the speed of performing techniques
Palmar-Pertaining to the palm.
Palpation-To examine or explore by touching; Assessment through touch.
Locate a structure, become aware of its characteristics, and assess its quality or condition. Keep your hand still to feel for internal movement, pulse, etc.
Pancreatitis-Inflammation of the pancreas. It can be an acute or chronic condition, and is caused by auto-digestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes.
PAP Test-(Named after Dr. Papanicolaou) A cervical cancer-screening test. Cells are scraped from the outside of the cervix and just inside the cervical canal, then tested to identify the presence of abnormal cervical and other reproductive tract cells.
Paralysis-Loss or impairment of motor or sensory function.
Paresthesias - Altered or abnormal motor or sensory function.
Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System-The restorative part of the autonomic nervous system. The
parasympathetic response often is called the relaxation response.
Paresthesia-Tingling or partial feeling.
Passive-Not produced by active efforts, does not require energy.
Passive Joint Movement-Movement of a joint by the massage practitioner without the assistance of the client.
Passive Movement-Client is relaxed while you move their body
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)-The ranges of motion in a joint that can be achieved when something other than the muscles move the joint. For example, relying totally on another person or object (such as a towel), to move a limb through a range of motion is PROM.
Passive Rest-Cessation of all movements after exercise.
Patella-Pertaining to the kneecap.
Patellar Tendinitis-Inflammation of the patellar tendon, the tendon that attaches the muscles of the leg (quadriceps) to the patella (kneecap) and tibia (lower leg).
Patellofemoral-Pertaining to the patella (kneecap) and the femur (thighbone).
Pathology-The study of disease.
Pelvis-The bony structure formed by the innominate (hip) bones, sacrum and coccyx (tailbone) and the surrounding ligaments. The structure supports the vertebral column and movement of the legs.
Perimysium-Wraps bundles of fibers within a muscle
Periosteum-Wraps bone and connects to tendons
Peripheral Artery Disease-Progressive occlusive disease of the arteries that supply the extremities. Risk factors include atherosclerosis and diabetes. Symptoms often occur in the hands and feet.
Peripheral Muscles-Muscles surrounding the moving joint, but not involved in the action of the joint. (e.g. the supinator is a peripheral muscle in elbow flexion)
Peripheral Neuropathy-A condition in which injury to the peripheral (surface) nerves causes abnormal sensation to the tissues in the periphery. It most commonly involves the arms, legs, hands, and feet. See neuropathy.
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)-A broad term used to describe a disease of the arteries and veins of the
extremities; i.e. atherosclerosis, which is accompanied by narrowing of the arteries.
Pes-Refers to the foot.
Pes Cavus-Abnormal concavity of the sole or arch of the foot. Possessing high arched feet.
Pes Planus-Abnormal flattening of the sole or arch of the foot. Possessing flat feet.
Petrissage-Kneading, rhythmic rolling, lifting, squeezing, and wringing of soft tissue.
Pharynx-The passage that leads from the nasal cavity and the back of the mouth down to where the esophagus
separates from the trachea.
Phasic Muscles-The muscles that move the body.
Physical Assessment-Evaluation of body balance, efficient function, basic symmetry, range of motion, and ability to function.
Physiologic Barriers-The result of the limits in range of motion imposed by protective nerve and sensory function to support optimal performance.
Physiological Adaptations-The body’s ability to adjust and adapt body functions to physical activity.
Phyto Chemicals-Plant Chemicals found in fruits, vegetables, dry beans and whole grains that help protect against some cancers, heart disease, and other chronic health conditions.
Placebo-An inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another
substance (as a drug).
Plantar-Pertaining to the sole of the foot.
Plantar Fascia-A broad band of connective tissue located on the bottom of the foot and extending the length of the foot, heel to toes. It supports the arch of the foot.
Plantar Fasciitis-Irritation and inflammation of the plantar fascia, usually due to stretching and tearing of the tissue as a result of overuse. The pain is most severe at the heel bone and particularly with weight bearing. A heel spur may develop as the condition worsens. Maintaining proper flexibility in the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon will minimize the chance of developing this problem.
Plantar Flexion-The act of extending of the foot to increase the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg (e.g. pointing the toes). Dorsiflexion is the opposite of plantarflexion.
Plaque-A mass of fatty tissue (cholesterol, other fat particles, and debris from the blood) that builds up on the walls of an artery and can cause a blockage to the flow of blood.
Pneumonia-A disease marked by inflammation and/or infection of the lungs. Symptoms can include a chill, followed by sudden elevation of temperature, difficult and rapid breathing, pain in the chest and side, and cough. Viruses and bacteria most commonly cause pneumonia.
Polyp-A small, benign growth in the large intestine that develops as an outgrowth of tissue from the skin or mucous membrane. They appear as a short stalk with a knob on the end.
Polyunsaturated Fats-Fats associated with a decreased risk of heart disease and are generally liquid at room
temperature. (e.g. safflower, sunflower, soybean, corn, and vegetable oils)
Positional Release-A method of moving the body into the direction of ease (the way the body wants to move out of the position that causes pain); the proprioception is taken into a state of safety and may stop signaling for protective spasm.
Posterior-Toward the rear of the body, pertaining to the back or dorsal side (e.g. the back and buttocks are posterior portions of the body). Posterior is synonymous with dorsal and opposite of anterior.
Post-isometric Relaxation-The state that occurs after isometric contraction of a muscle; it results from the activity of minute neural reporting stations called the golgi tendon bodies.
Postpartum-The period of time spanning the first 6 weeks after childbirth.
Postural Muscles-Muscles that support the body against gravity. The trunk muscles supporting the spine and upright posture of the torso.
Posture-Position or alignment of the body. Proper posture involves positioning the spine in neutral.
PPD (purified pork derivative)-A tuberculin skin test that is performed by injecting a small amount of protein derived from tuberculosis bacteria between the layers of the skin, usually on the forearm.
Pressure-Related to the force used in applying techniques and to the degree of compaction of tissue as the technique is applied.
Preventive Measure-Taking precautions to prevent the occurrence of illness or disease.
Preventive Medicine-The branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease and disability. It identifies factors that increase risk for disease, increases awareness of these factors, and provides guidance in removing or treating these factors.
Primary Care-Basic or general health care provided to an individual when first seen in the health care system. The primary care provider is responsible for the health maintenance, treatment of medical conditions, and consultations with other practitioners.
Prime-Mover Muscle (an agonist)-A muscle primarily responsible for active contraction of a body part or a specific
motion. Contraction of an agonist is associated with relaxation of its antagonist. (e.g. the biceps muscle is a prime mover in elbow flexion)
Professional Demeanor-Appropriate appearance and behavior of the practitioner.
Professional Touch-Skilled touch delivered to achieve a specific outcome; the recipient in some way reimburses the professional for services rendered.
Prognosis-A forecast of the probable result or outcome of disease or injury, and the prospect of recovery from a
disease or injury indicated by the nature and symptoms of the case.
Pronation-Act of assuming a prone position or lying face down. The act of turning the palm down or shifting the body weight to the inside of the foot. The opposite of pronation is supination.
Prone-Lying in a face down position. Prone is the opposite of supine.
Proper Body Mechanics-Keeping wrist in neutral position, thumbs adducted, and changing height by bending at the knee
Proprioception (Proprioceptive)-Receiving stimulation within the body tissues allowing the body part to sense where it is in space.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)-Specific application of muscle energy techniques that uses strong contraction combined with stretching and muscular pattern retraining.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Stretch-A stretching technique designed to enhance the
neuromuscular response. The most common method used is the contract-relax method. This requires an initial
isometric contraction against maximum resistance at end range of motion for approximately 6-8 seconds. This is
followed by relaxation of the same muscle lasting 2-5 seconds, then a slow passive stretch for 6-8 seconds atthe end point.
Proprioceptors-Sensory nerve terminals that supply information concerning movements and position of the body. They are found chiefly in muscles, tendons, and joints.
Prostadynia-Non-specific pain in the prostate.
Prostate Cancer-Cancer affecting the prostate gland.
Prostate Gland-A male genital gland about the size of a walnut that is located in front of the rectum, behind the base of the penis, and under the bladder. It surrounds the upper part of the urethra (the tube that carries the urine and semen out of the penis).
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)-A blood test used to assist in the detection of prostate cancer. If the test has an
abnormal finding, further medical evaluation is indicated.
Prostatitis-Inflammation of the prostate gland.
Protein-A nutrient in food, which is responsible for growth and repair of tissues. A chain of amino acids forms protein. A gram of protein has 4 calories.
Protraction-The act or condition of extending or drawing forward (e.g. extending the jaw forward). Opposite of retraction.
Proximal-Nearest; closer to any point of reference. The opposite of distal. (e.g. the elbows are proximal to the fingers in relation to the shoulder, and the knees are proximal to the toes in relation to the hips)
Psychosis-A general term for any major mental disorder of organic and/or emotional origin (such as paranoia)
characterized by derangement of the personality and loss of contact with reality.
Psychotherapy-A general term for the treatment of mental disorders by intellectual and verbal means, including
suggestion, analysis, and persuasion. Psychotherapy can occur individually or in groups, such as the family.
Pubic Bones-The lower front part of the pelvis.
Pulsed Muscle Energy-Procedures that involve engaging the barrier and using minute, resisted contractions (usually 20 in 10 seconds), which introduces mechanical pumping.
Purging-Self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas to rid the body of food.
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Radiation-Electromagnetic waves.
Radioactive iodine-Iodine that gives off radiation, often used for thyroid testing.
Range Of Motion-Movement of joints. The degree of motion allowed at a specific joint.
Rapport-The development of a relationship based on mutual trust and harmony.
Receptor (homeostatic control mechanism)-Monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Reciprocal Inhibition-The effect that occurs when a muscle contracts, obliging its antagonist to relax in order to allow normal movement to take place.
Reclining-Face up with a back-rest to prop up torso.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)-The levels of intake of essential nutrients that, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons.
Recovery Heart Rate-The heart rate response at the cessation of exercise. An indication of fitness levels; higher fitness levels will produce a rapid drop in heart rate post exercise due to heart and lung efficiency.
Recovery Massage-Massage structured primarily for the uninjured athlete who wants to recover from a strenuous workout or competition.
Recurrent-Returning at intervals or happening time after time.
Referred pain-Pain felt in a region of the body distant from site of tissue damage or injury.
Reflex-An involuntary response to a stimulus. Reflexes are specific, predictable, adaptive, and purposeful. Reflexive methods work by stimulating the nervous system (sensory neurons), and tissue changes occur in response to the body's adaptation to the neural stimulation.
Reflexive Methods-Massage techniques that stimulate the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the chemicals of the body.
Reflexology-A massage system directed primarily toward the feet and hands.
Refractory Period-The period after a muscle contraction during which the muscle is unable to contract again.
Registered Dietitian (RD)-A nutrition expert who is a reliable source of nutrition information on food and health. A
registered dietitian must complete at least four years of college from an accredited college/university, complete a
supervised internship and pass an extensive national exam.
Rehabilitation-The treatment and education process to restore maximum function resulting from a disease or injury.
Rehabilitation Massage-Massage used for severe injury or as part of intervention after surgery.
Relaxation Phase-The stage of exercise when the muscles are no longer contracting.
Remedial Massage - Massage used for minor to moderate injuries.
Renal-Pertaining to the kidney.
Repetition (Rep)-The number of times a specific exercise is performed within a set. (e.g. 10 pushups without rest)
Replicate-To make a copy.
Reproduce-To produce offspring.
Reproductive System-Responsible for the production of offspring.
Resisted Movement-Client attempts to move while you resist the movement.
Resourceful Compensation-Adjustments made by the body to manage a permanent or chronic dysfunction.
Respiratory System-Keeps the blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Resting Heart Rate (RHR)-The number of times the heart beats each minute while the body is at rest.
Retinopathy-Disease of the structure of the eye called the retina, the light-sensitive layer of the eye.
Retraction-The act or condition of drawing back (e.g. squeezing the shoulder blades together). Opposite of protraction.
Retropatellar Pain Syndrome-Pain behind the patella (kneecap) caused by overuse or trauma. The condition may
progress to Chondromalacia Patella.
Rheumatoid Arthritis-An autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the connective tissue, particularly the
membranes that line the joints. The inflamed joints are painful, swollen and warm to the touch. The wrists and
knuckles are most commonly affected.
Rhythm-A recurring pattern of movement with a specific cadence, beat, or accent.
R I C E-Immediate injury treatment consisting of: 1) Rest 2) ice 3) compression 4) elevation.
Rickets-Osteomalacia
Risk Factor-A clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that has been associated with the increased rate of a
subsequently occurring disease.
Rocking-Rhythmic movement of the body.
Rotation-Movement of a joint around its own axis.
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Safe Touch-Secure, respectful, considerate, sensitive, responsive, sympathetic, understanding, supportive, and
empathetic touch.
Salicylates-A group of chemical substances with anti-inflammatory properties. These drug compounds are similar to and include aspirin.
Same Gender Massage-Client and therapist are of same sex or gender.
Sanitation-The formulation and application of measures to promote and establish conditions favorable to
healthspecifically public health.
Saturated Fats-Fats associated with an increased risk of heart disease and are generally hard at room temperature. (e.g. butter, bacon grease, fats in meats and cheese, and the tropical oils: coconut, palm kernel and palm)
Scoliosis-Lateral curvature of the spine to the left or right, usually in the thoracic region.
Scope Of Practice-The knowledge base and practice parameters of a profession.
Screening Tests-Examination of people with no symptoms, to detect unsuspected diseases.
Second Degree Sprain or Strain-Partially torn fibers, moderate swelling, moderate limitations.
Sedentary-(Referring to lifestyle) Engaging in no regular exercise, performing minimal walking and movement, 75% of the day spent sitting or lying down.
Self Testicular Exam (STE)-A self-examination in which an individual performs a manual inspection of the testes
(testicles), palpating (feeling) for lumps.
Semi-Supine-Face up with a back-rest to prop up torso (as used in pregnancy massage)
Set -A number of repetitions performed without any rest. (e.g. one set of ten repetitions or 1 X 10)
Sexual Misconduct-Any behavior that is sexually oriented in the professional setting.
Shaking-A technique in which the body area is grasped and shaken in a quick, loose movement; sometimes classified as rhythmic mobilization.
Shattered-Comminuted fracture
Shin Splint-A general term for any pain, tenderness, or discomfort on the front or side of the lower leg following
strenuous activity. Inflammation occurs at the fascia connecting the leg bones or from minute tissue tears. Shin splints are an example of an overuse injury.
Short Term Goals-Objectives usually to be met within a year. (e.g. losing 1-2 lbs. each week for the next month)
Shoulder Girdle-Consists of shoulder blades (scapula), collarbones (clavicles) and supportive structures that attach the bones of the upper extremities (arms) to the spine.
Side Lying-Lying on side with pillows under head arm and knee.
Snuff-A preparation of finely pulverized tobacco that can be drawn up into the nostrils by inhaling.
S.O.A.P. Charting-A problem-oriented method of medical record keeping; the acronym soap stands for subjective,
objective, assessment, and plan.
Social Skills Learning Theory-A behavioral theory that postulates that persons with unhealthy social skills (e.g. distorted views on eating) can adapt healthy social skills through behavioral training.
Sodium-A mineral needed by the body to regulate fluid balance, help muscles relax, transmit nerve impulses and
regulate blood pressure. Table salt is made up of 40% sodium and 60% chloride.
Sodium Intake-The amount of sodium consumed in an individual's diet. American Heart Association recommends consumption of no more than 3,000 milligrams of sodium chloride per day.
Soft Tissue-The skin, fascia, muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments of the body; Tissue that is not bone.
Soft Tissue Injury -Injury to a muscle, tendon or ligament NOT injury to a bone. Ligament sprains and muscle strains are examples of soft tissue injuries.
Somatic-Pertaining to the body.
Somatic Pain-Pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin (superficial somatic pain) or in skeletal
muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia (deep somatic pain).
Spasticity-A state of increased muscle tone with exaggerated muscle tendon reflexes.
Specificity-Focusing massage techniques on a specific condition and in a small area.
Specificity of Training-Training should be relevant to the demands of the activity and work the muscles involved in a manner resembling the movements performed during the activity. (e.g. if training to improve a softball pitch, concentrate on the muscles of the upper arm and shoulder; also training should imitate the throwing motion)
Speed of Movement-The speed that repetitions are performed.
SSE (skin self exam)-A self-examination in which an individual performs a visual inspection of the skin, looking for new skin lesions and changes to existing lesions such as moles.
Stabilize-To maintain firm or steady.
Stabilizer Muscles-Muscles designed to protect the integrity of a joint and responsible for stabilizing one joint, so a specific movement can occur at another. (e.g. the intrinsic muscles of the foot protect the ankle and the hip abductor on one side stabilizes the pelvis and trunk while the opposite leg abducts)
Stacking the joints-Pressure applied along the line of the bones and through the joints.
Staging-A system used to determine how far a type of cancer has spread. Health providers select appropriate treatment based on the stage. (See also Cancer Stage).
Static Stabilizers-Synonymous with stabilizer muscles. Muscles designed to protect the integrity of a joint. They function to maintain equilibrium without movement.
Static Stretch-Stretching muscle tissue to a comfortable position, then holding this position for a period of time, usually 10–30 seconds. This stretch is low force, long duration, and is the safest stretch to perform if performed properly.
STD-Sexually transmitted disease.
Sternum (breast bone)-A flat, narrow bone, situated in the median line of the front of the chest.
Steroid Medications-Hormonal preparations that are used primarily for anti-inflammatory purposes in arthritis or
asthma, however they are also useful for treating malignancies or compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones (i.e. synthroid is a synthetic hormone taken by persons with hypothyroidism).
Steroids-Name given to some hormones produced by the body that act as chemical transmitters.
Stimulation-Excitation that activates the sensory nerves.
Stool-Fecal discharge of the bowels.
Stored Fat-Approximately 98-99% of body fat is composed of white fat cells, also called storage fat. Commonly seen on hips and buttocks in women; upper torso or abdominal area for men. Excessive caloric intake combined with inactivity will promote production of white fat cells, increasing total body fat weight.
Strain-A traumatic injury causing overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon beyond its normal limits.
Strength-The force or tension that a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance.
Strength Testing-Testing intended to determine whether a muscle is responding with sufficient strength to perform the required body functions. Strength testing determines a muscle's force of contraction.
Streptococcus Pneumonia-A type of pneumonia caused by streptococcal bacteria.
Stress-Any kind of force or pressure; it can be physical, emotional or situational.
Any substantial change in routine or any activity that forces the body to adapt.
Stress Fracture-A micro fracture or incomplete fracture caused by frequent, excessive, or repeated stresses or overuse to a bone (such as in running or marching long distances). The rate of bone breakdown exceeds the rate of bone repair.
Stressors-Any internal perceptions or external stimuli that demand a change in the body.
Stretch Receptor-A cell or group of cells found between muscle fibers responding to stretch of the muscle by
transmitting impulses to the central nervous system. Stretch receptors are part of the proprioceptive system necessary for the performance of coordinated muscular activity. The golgi tendon organ is an example of a sensory receptor.
Stretch Reflex-Involuntary reflex contraction of a muscle in response to it being stretched. The muscle will try to contract to oppose the stretch. The muscle spindle is the sensory organ responsible for initiating the contraction. The stretch reflex occurs with ballistic stretching and inhibits the desired stretch.
Stretching-The act of elongating (making long) muscle and connective tissues to improve range of motion around a joint; mechanical tension applied to lengthen the myofascial unit (muscles and fascia).
Stroke-~ Cardiovascular Accident ~ Sudden decrease or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion
caused by rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of an artery of the brain. “Cardiovascular Accident” ~ A technique of therapeutic massage that is applied with a movement on the surface of the body, whether superficial or deep.
Subacute-Describing a condition, illness, or disease that progresses more rapidly than a chronic condition but does not become acute. Improve from an acute condition.
Subluxation-Partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint so that the bone ends are misaligned, but still in contact, usually a subluxation is self-reducing.
Subtle Energies-Weak electrical fields that surround and run through the body.
Suffering-An overall impairment of a person's quality of life.
Suicide-The taking of one's own life.
Sun block-Used to protect the skin form the sun’s dangerous ultra violet rays; usually applied as an ointment or cream.
Superficial Fascia-The connective tissue layer just under the skin.
Superficial Pressure-Pressure that remains on the skin.
Superior-Situated higher in the body in relation to another structure or surface (e.g. towards the head). For example, the eyes are superior to the mouth. The opposite of inferior.
Supination-The act of assuming a supine position, or lying on the back face up. The act of turning the palm up or
shifting the body weight to the outside of the foot. The opposite of supination is pronation.
Supine-Lying in a face up position. Supine is the opposite of prone
Symmetry-The opposite sides of the body, right and left, are equal in size, shape and relative position. The right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other.
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System-The energy
Symptoms-The subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient.
Synergist-A muscle or organ that enhances, cooperates, or aids the action of another muscle. (Muscles that support the prime mover)
Synovial Fluid-A thick colorless lubricating fluid that surrounds a joint or bursa and fills a tendon sheath that nourishes and lubricates the cartilage of a joint.
Synovial Joint-A joint lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
Synovitis-Inflammation of the synovial membrane. A swollen and painful joint, especially with motion, characterizes the condition.
Systemic Disease-Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.
Systemic Massage-Massage structured to affect one body system primarily. This approach usually is used for
lymphatic and circulation enhancement massage.
Systolic-The maximum pressure in the arteries, which occurs when the heart is contracting. Represented by the top number in the fraction of the blood pressure reading.
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Tapotement-Springy blows to the body at a fast rate to create rhythmic compression of the tissue; also called
percussion.
Tapping-A type of tapotement that uses the fingertips.
Target Heart Rate Range (THRR)-The THRR establishes appropriate exercise intensity by using the Karvonen method.
Target Muscle-The muscle or groups of muscles on which the response of the methods is specifically focused.
Techniques-Methods of therapeutic massage that provide sensory stimulation or mechanical change of the soft tissue of the body.
Tendinitis-Continuous low-grade inflammation of a tendon with pain on movement, usually caused by injury or overuse.
Can progress to a partial or complete tendon rupture if not treated properly.
Tendon-A tough, ropelike cord of fibrous tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
Tendon Organs-Structures found in the tendon and musculotendinous junction that responds to tension at the tendon.
Tendon Rupture-A complete tear or breaking apart of the tendon. A common injury is the Achilles tendon rupture.
Tenosynovitis-Inflammation of the synovial sheath around the tendons
Tenting-Technique that allows client to turn conveniently while maintaining boundaries.
Testicular Cancer-Cancer affecting the testicles.
Therapeutic Applications-Healing or curative powers.
Therapeutic Change-Beneficial change produced by a bodywork process that resulted in a modification of physical form or function that can affect a client's physical, mental, and/or spiritual state.
Therapeutic Relationship-The interpersonal structure and professional boundaries between professionals and the clients they serve; Implicit agreement regarding roles of practitioner and client.
Thiamin Deficiency-A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of thiamin in the diet, characterized by loss of
appetite, irritability, and weight loss. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamin deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism.
Thinnest Skin of Body-Eyelids, 1/500 of an inch
Third Degree Sprain or Strain-Completely torn fibers, severe swelling, marked limitations.
Thoracic Spine-The region of the spinal column located directly below the cervical vertebrae and above the lumbar vertebra, numbered T1-T12. This is the most stable region of the spine and less vulnerable to injury due to the support of the rib cage.
Thoracolumbar Fascia-A deep membrane or fibrous band of connective tissue that covers, supports, or separates muscles of the thoracic (trunk) and lumbar (low back) regions of the spine. It It also binds skin with underlying tissues.
Synonymous with lumbodorsal fascia.
Three Distinguishing Characteristics of Muscle
1) Muscle has a striated texture
2) Fibers can be parallel, convergent, or diagonal
3) Can be contracted or relaxed
Three Hints on Palpation
1) Move slowly
2) Avoid excessive pressure
3) Focus awareness on what you are feeling
Thrombotic stroke -~ Cerebral Thrombosis ~ Occurs when a brain artery narrows and a plaque deposits at the
narrowed portion causing the artery to break open. The blood coagulates and forms a clot (thrombosis). This may grow and partially or completely block the artery.
Thyroid Gland-A butterfly shaped endocrine gland in the neck that is found on both sides of the trachea (windpipe).
Tibia-The larger of the two bones in the lower leg located on the inside between the knee and ankle.
Tissue-Composed of cells with similar form and function
Tonic Vibration Reflex-Reflex that tones a muscle with stimulation through vibration methods at the tendon.
Total Daily Caloric Needs-The total amount of calories your body needs every day, to include activity.
Total Joint Replacement-A surgical procedure in which the connection point between 2 bones (joint) is removed and replaced with an artificial device.
Total Skin Examination (TSE)-Examination of skin from head to toe.
Touch-Primary mode of personal interaction during massage; to come into contact with.
Touch Technique-The basis of soft tissue forms of bodywork methods.
Trachea-Also called windpipe; a cylinder-shaped tube about 41/2" long that extends from the larynx to the bronchial tubes.
Traction-Gentle pull on the joint capsule to increase the joint space.
Training Parameters-The guidelines or limits of an exercise program, e.g. performing strength training exercises 3x’s per week, performing an aerobic bout of exercise within the predetermined target heart rate range, Frequency, Duration, and Intensity.
Trans Fatty Acid-Unsaturated fats that are chemically changed to become more like saturated fats. This makes them more stable and solid at room temperature (e.g. shortening, some margarines, crackers, cookies, and desserts). Also found naturally in beef, pork, lamb, butter, and milk.
Transference-When a client responds to practitioners as they might have responded to an important person from their childhood; the personalization of the professional relationship by the client.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)-A process caused by brain blood flow interruption causing symptoms of a stroke for up to 24 hours. They are often caused by blood cells blocking off a small artery in the brain. Blood flow is restored quickly, when the blood cells break up and are swept away. Recurrent attacks often warn of an impending stroke.
Trauma-Physical injury caused by violent or disruptive action, toxic substances, or psychic injury resulting from a severe long; A wound or injury that can be physical or psychological.
Traumatic-Caused by or pertaining to an injury.
Treatment-The actions or items taken to modify a risk factor and/or improve health.
Treatment Plan-The plan used to achieve therapeutic goals. It outlines the agreed objectives; the frequency, duration, and number of visits; progress measurements; the date of reassessment; and massage methods to be used.
Trigger Point-An area of local nerve facilitation; pressure on the trigger point results in hypertonicity of a muscle bundle and referred pain patterns. Muscle fibers in this area have gone through injury and have not completely healed and when touched present moderate to severe pain.
Triglycerides-A type of lipoprotein made up of mostly fat and sugar, and is primarily stored in fat tissue.
Tuberculosis (TB)-A highly infectious disease characterized by the formation of rounded nodules in the tissues that spread in all directions, primarily through the respiratory system, but also through the lymph vessels and blood vessels disseminating through the body. Most common symptoms are cough, fever, and fatigue.
Tumor-A mass of new tissue which persists and grows independently of its surrounding structures, and which has no physiologic use.
Types of fascia-Superficial and deep
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Ulcerative colitis-A long term, inflammatory disease of the colon, in which raw, inflamed areas called ulcers, and small abscesses, develop in the lining of the large intestine.
Ulcers-Holes (wounds) that develop in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or a part of the small intestine closest to the stomach caused by digestive secretions that irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
Ultrasound-A diagnostic procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are bounced off certain internal structures of the body. The reflections and echoes of these waves create a picture for the clinician to use to assess health of an organ, body part, or fetus.
Unilateral-Relating to or affecting one side of the body or one side of an organ or other part.
Unmodifiable (Uncontrollable) Risk Factors-Those risk factors that cannot be changed by the individual. Examples include age, gender, and genetics.
Urethra-The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
Urinary-Pertaining to the urine, or the urinary system.
Urinary system-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes while maintaining a balance of electrolytes in the blood; Includes the kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra.
Utero (in utero)-Refers to events that occur within the uterus.
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Vaccination-The injection of vaccine for the purpose of inducing immunity.
Vaccine-A suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases.
Valsalva Maneuver-A force created within the thoracic cavity as a result of holding breath and extreme exertion.
*Particularly dangerous for hypertensive individuals.
Vascular-Pertaining to the blood vessels.
Veins-Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
Ventral-Pertaining to the belly, or indicating a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference. The opposite of dorsal. Synonymous with anterior in reference to human anatomy.
Vertebrae-Any one of the 33 bones of the spinal column, comprising the 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. Bony or cartilaginous segments, separated by discs to form the spinal column.
Vertebral Disc-Cartilage situated between each of the vertebrae to reduce friction and provide shock absorption for the spine.
Vibration-Fine or coarse tremulous movement that creates reflexive responses.
Viral-Pertaining to or caused by a virus, which is a tiny organism.
Vitamin D-Vitamin used for building bones, muscles and nerves. It aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, is manufactured by the body through exposure to sun, and is found in fish liver oils, liver, butter, egg yolks and milk.
Vitamins-One of a group of nutrients essential for life. They help release energy from foods and play a vital role in all the processes that take place throughout the body.
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Warm up-A slow, rhythmic activity of larger muscle groups designed to help the body adapt from rest to exercise and should imitate the activity. Should last a minimum of 10-15 minutes.
Water Aerobics-Callisthenic type movements, similar to floor aerobics, done standing in chest deep water or in deep water using a belt to stay afloat. Water aerobics are extremely beneficial to persons in injury rehabilitation, or those greater than 20 lbs. overweight.
Weight Bearing Exercise-Any exercise that requires the body to work against a resistance. Weight training/lifting, walking and jogging are weight-bearing exercises.
Wellness-The efficient balance of body, mind, and spirit, all working in a harmonious way to provide quality of life; The state of being whole in body, mind, and soul.
Wick-Term used to facilitate evaporation of sweat in cold temperatures, while still maintaining body heat. Refers to a function of clothing. |
